---
type: "Research"
title: "Google keyboard FL — Hard et al. (2018)"
description: "On-device federated training for next-word prediction at production scale."
resource: "https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.03604"
tags: [fl, deployment, research]
generated: { by: human:crpage, at: 2026-07-09T09:44:00Z }
status: stable
sources: [{ id: primary, resource: "https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.03604" }]
---

Showed on-device federated training could match or beat server-trained baselines for next-word/emoji prediction **without uploading raw typing data** — FL's most durable cross-device production proof point.

Relates to: [Cross-device vs cross-silo](../federated/cross-device-vs-cross-silo.md).