Record metadata

type: "Research"
title: "Google keyboard FL — Hard et al. (2018)"
description: "On-device federated training for next-word prediction at production scale."
resource: "https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.03604"
tags: [fl, deployment, research]
generated: { by: human:crpage, at: 2026-07-09T09:44:00Z }
status: stable
sources: [{ id: primary, resource: "https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.03604" }]

Google keyboard FL — Hard et al. (2018)

Showed on-device federated training could match or beat server-trained baselines for next-word/emoji prediction without uploading raw typing data — FL's most durable cross-device production proof point.

Relates to: Cross-device vs cross-silo.